词汇( Vocabulary )是阅读理解测试中非常重要的一项。词汇题往往要求对文章中的某个单词、短语甚至句子等找出近义词或最合适的解释。一般来说,在文章的阅读中解决释义的最好办法是猜测词义。猜测词义也需要一定的技巧,事实上,阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义。下面具体谈谈猜测词义的技巧。
一、定义法( Definition ):利用文章中对词的定义猜测词义。
由于作者知道某个词读者可能不认识,便在句中给该词下个定义以帮助读者理解。下定义是最容易辨认的一种语境线索。定义句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with,be considered,define,represent,signify,constitute 等。例如:
Anthropology is the scientific study of man.(由定义可知,anthropology就是 “研究人类的科学”。)
二、举例法(Examples):利用文章中对词的举例及解释猜测词义。举例常用词:such as , for example,for instance 等。
例如:
In the corner there maybe a Christmas tree with its branches decorated with shining ornaments such as colored lights and glass balls , and sometimes hung with gifts.(ornaments 指彩灯、玻璃球等,因此,其意为“装饰物” 。)
三、相关信息法( Related Information):利用上下文词语意义的互相联系及解释猜测词义。
例如:
The circus is another thing that parents may very well take their children to see as a Christmas treat. Lions and tigers have been patiently trained to leap through the air and even the more docile beasts like elephants and horses do astonishing tricks.( circus 是动物们表演节目的地方,因此是“马戏团”。)
四、“构词法”法(Word-building ):利用构词法知识(前缀和后缀及复合词)猜测词义。
例如:
He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.(根据词根 conscious“清醒的,有意识的” 结合前缀 semi-“半,部分的,不完全的” ,我们便可猜出 semiconscious 词义“半清醒的,半昏迷的” 。)
五、复述法( Restatement ):利用复述猜测词义。
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。例如:
Archaeology, the study of ancient things,is my favorite.(archaeology“考古学”)
请试着猜猜下面各题中被括住单词的词义:
1.He had a (wan) look. He was so pale and weak that we thought he was ill.
2.Finally the enemy (surrendered). They threw down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over their heads.
1.苍白的、病态的 2.投降
六、同义、反义关系法( Comparison & Contrast ):利用文章中词与词的同义和反义关系猜测词义,即利用比较和对比关系。
在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如:
Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.(该例中 reticent 对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中 while 一词可以提示我们 reticent 和短语 talking with others 是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出 reticent 意为 “silent” 。)表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是 unlike, not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 和 while 等引导的。
七、经验法( General Knowledge ):运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如:
John was so tall that he almost hit his head on the lintel as he passed the door.(John 的个子高,会碰到的地方是“门楣”lintel 。)
请试着猜猜下面各题中被括住单词的词义:
1. They (overestimate) the interviewee’s ability and asked him many difficult questions.
2.A good supervisor can recognize instantly the (adept) workers from the un-skilled ones.
3.Tom is considered an (autocraticad)-ministrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
参考答案:
1.高估 2.熟练的
3.独断专行的
河南省汝南县老君庙高中 刘克
|